Qee tus hais tias kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub tsheb kauj vab yog hais txog cov noob. Lwm tus hais tias nws yog hais txog kev loj hlob. Cia peb tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb
'Kuv yuav tsum ua tsaug rau kuv niam kuv txiv uas tau muab cov noob zoo rau kuv, thiab kuv txiv kuj tau qhia kuv qhov kuv hu ua lub hom phiaj zoo. Nws ib txwm hais rau kuv tias txhua haiv neeg twg koj yuav ua, haiv neeg raws li koj ua tau, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem hais, txawm koj yeej lossis tsis tau, koj tau muab koj qhov zoo tshaj plaws.'
Yog li hais tias sprinter Marcel Kittel thaum Cyclist hais lus rau nws ob peb xyoos dhau los. Hauv ib lub suab nrov Germanic, Kittel tau tswj hwm qhov kev sib cav ntawm ntau pua xyoo-laus ' xwm piv rau kev saib xyuas' kev sib cav.
Puas yog Kittel qhov kev ua tau zoo, thiab ntawm nws cov kwv tij tseem ceeb, feem ntau yog cov caj ces, lossis qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib puag ncig xws li kev cob qhia, khoom noj khoom haus thiab tsev neeg teeb tsa?
'Genetic providence tsim txoj hauv kev los ua ib tus neeg ncaws pob tseem ceeb thiab pab txhawb ntau li 90% ntawm qhov koj tuaj yeem ua tau zoo,' Ken Matheson, tus kws qhia qub ntawm British Cycling. 'Zoo siab, koj ua tsis tau dab tsi koj xav ua.'
Matheson txoj kev xav tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab. Charles Darwin tus nkauj muam nraug nus, Francis G alton, yog suav tias yog tus thawj geneticist. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv 1869 Hereditary Genius, G alton tau tshaj tawm tias, 'Nws muaj qhov txwv tsis pub muaj lub zog ntawm txhua tus txiv neej, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem los ntawm kev kawm lossis kev siv zog hla dhau.'
Genotype ntsib phenotype
Ntawm theem pib koj tuaj yeem pom qhov twg G alton tuaj ntawm. Nairo Quintana tsuas yog 1.67m siab thiab hnyav 58kg. Nws tus featherweight stature txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem ntab saum roob, tab sis nws kuj txhais tau tias nws tsis muaj cov leeg nqaij los tawm tsam rau kev sib tw uas yuav tsum muaj lub zog tso zis ntawm 1, 600 watts.
Ib tug neeg nyiam Lotto Soudal's André Greipel, ntawm qhov tod tes, ntsuas 1.84m thiab hnyav 80kg. Qhov kev thauj khoom ntuj no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev nce toj tab sis them nyiaj zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev.
Yog li ntawd, yog li ntawd? Nws tag nrho rau koj cov noob?
'Tsis heev,' hais tias kev tawm dag zog lub cev Ian Craig. 'Genes - uas nyob rau hauv ntev strands ntawm DNA hu ua chromosomes - nteg lub hauv paus rau ntau yam ntxwv, tab sis koj phenotype yog leej twg koj yog ib tug neeg. Nws yog qhov chaw koj cov noob cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig.
'Koj yuav yog tus neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tab sis raug khib nyiab ntawm kev ua si vim tias koj loj hlob hauv tsev neeg tsis ua kis las, "nyiam" noj tsis zoo thiab tsis tsaug zog.'
Nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no, qhov kev sib cav sib ceg-vim-nrhiav kev sib cav tau nce ntxiv vim muaj cov phau ntawv xws li David Epstein's The Sports Gene thiab Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers.
Tom qab tau hais tias txoj hauv kev los ua tus kws tshaj lij ntawm yuav luag txhua yam yog sau 10,000 teev ntawm kev xyaum, pib thaum koj tseem hluas.
Epstein phau ntawv, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhia tias tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kev xyaum txaus, thiab qhov kev ua kis las kis las feem ntau raug txiav txim los ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm.
'Rau txhua tus noob muaj ob tsab ntawv [alleles] cuam tshuam nrog nws, 'Craig hais. 'Lawv hu ua cov khub hauv paus hauv DNA helix, thiab lawv yog ib tsab ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm koj niam thiab txiv. Cov no qhia koj tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, lom neeg thiab lub hlwb.
'Kuv yuav muab piv txwv rau koj: ACE gene [angiotensin-hloov enzyme] koom nrog kev tswj ntshav siab. Rau ACE, koj tau txais ib qho I lossis D allele yog li qhov muaj peev xwm ua ke yog II, DD lossis ID.
'Rau ACE, II tau txuas nrog kev ua siab ntev. DD tau txuas nrog lub zog. DI yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob.'
Yog li yog tias koj niam koj txiv 'ACE cov noob suav nrog II alleles, koj qhov kev hloov pauv ib leeg yog II, txhais tau tias koj yuav muaj kev ua siab ntev. Nws yog vim li cas cov thoroughbred mus rau stud - thiab yog vim li cas super-nees Frankel cov phev muaj nqis £ 125, 000 ib pop.
Tiam sis tseem tsis tau paub meej los ntawm tus nees uas muaj 20-25,000 genes - tus lej zoo sib xws rau tib neeg. Raws li Yannis Pitsiladis, tus xibfwb ntawm kev ua kis las thiab kev tawm dag zog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Brighton University, hauv kev tshuaj xyuas
ntawm 133 kev tshawb fawb luam tawm thaum xyoo 1997-2012, tsuas yog 59 cov cim caj ces cuam tshuam nrog kev ua siab ntev thiab 20 nrog lub zog.
'Kev ua kis las yog qhov nyuaj, 'nws hais. ' Txhawm rau dhau los ua tus neeg ncaws pob zoo tshaj plaws, yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cev, kev coj cwj pwm thiab ib puag ncig.'
Pitsiladis yog tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov ncauj lus. Nws txoj haujlwm tau coj nws mus rau Kenya hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab ib puag ncig, thiab thaum lees paub tias Kenyans muaj cov noob zoo rau kev ua siab ntev (piv txwv li qib siab EPO), nws xaus lus tias kev tswj hwm ntawm Kenya, Ethiopia thiab Eritrea hauv Kev khiav mus deb yog 'ib qho tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam'.
Nws cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias 81% ntawm 404 Kenyan cov kws tshaj lij kev khiav haujlwm yuav tsum tau khiav lossis taug kev deb mus rau thiab los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv theem pib thaum menyuam yaus, txhais tau tias Kenyan cov menyuam muaj 30% siab dua aerobic tshaj li lawv cov neeg kawm.
Nws yog kev xav txhawb nqa los ntawm Epstein. 'Puas muaj pes tsawg tus neeg ncaws pob Kenyan ua tau zoo' cov menyuam muaj kev ua haujlwm tau zoo?' 'Kuv hais rau koj, yuav luag tsis muaj. Qhov ntawd yog vim lawv niam lawv txiv tej nyiaj txiag txhais tau tias lawv tsis tau khiav mus kawm ntawv.'
ua tsaug koj niam
Tamsin Lewis yog ib qho ntawm Tebchaws Askiv tus neeg ncaws pob ntev tshaj plaws ua ntej nws so haujlwm xyoo 2014. Nws yeej Ironman UK thiab ua tiav thib ob ntawm lub npe nrov Alpe d'Huez Triathlon.
Nws txiv yog Colin Lewis, yav dhau los tus kws tshaj lij kev caij tsheb kauj vab uas tau yeej British Road Race Championships ob zaug hauv xyoo 1960 thiab ua rau Tom Simpson ntawm 1967 Ncig Saib Tebchaws Fabkis, dhau Simpson nws haus dej haus kawg ua ntej nws tuag ntawm Mont Ventoux.
'Peb tus kheej zoo ib yam - peb muaj kev ntxhov siab, xav xav thiab tsav tsheb, thiab nws paub tseeb tias kuv tau txais nws cov noob caj ces, thiab,' nws hais.
'Kuv tsuas yog coj triathlon hauv xyoo 2007 thiab tsis tau caij ntau txog qhov ntawd. Kuv tau ntsuas kuv qhov VO2 max thiab nws nyob ib puag ncig 68, uas yog qhov zoo rau ib tus neeg uas tsis tau kawm.'
Muaj cov caj ces ntawm no, yog tias tsis ncaj qha los ntawm Colin. Mitochondria tus naj npawb thiab qhov loj me muaj peev xwm tau txais los ntawm cov niam txiv kab. (Mitochondria yog lub zog ntawm cov hlwb thiab lub zog tsim khoom, thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua haujlwm siab ntev.)
'Kuv txiv yawg yog ib tus neeg ncaws pob hauv tebchaws thiab nws txiv yog tus ua luam dej thoob ntiaj teb,' Lewis hais.
Tom qab ntawd muaj rooj plaub ntawm Mathieu van der Poel. Tseem tsuas yog 20 xyoo xwb, Van der Poel twb tau teev npe ntev ntawm kev yeej ntawm txoj kev thiab hauv cyclocross, suav nrog ib qho khoom plig nyiaj ntawm Cyclocross World Championships ua ntej xyoo no.
Nws yog cov ntaub ntawv staggering tab sis ib qho uas tsis xav tsis thoob. Nws txiv, Adri, yeej Tour of Flanders thiab Liège-Bastogne-Liège, thaum Mathieu niam tais yawm txiv yog Raymond Poulidor, uas yeej xyoo 1964 Vuelta a Espana thiab ua tiav tsib zaug ntawm Tour de France.
Txiv Neej thiab ib puag ncig muab kev pabcuam tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau Lewis thiab Van der Poel tab sis, txawm tias muaj kev kawm txuj ci, tsis muaj cov apps, tsis muaj kev siv thev naus laus zis, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ntau npaum li cas los cuam tshuam lawv qib kev ua haujlwm tam sim no.
Nkauj tawm tshiab
muaj qhov tsis sib xws. Cov 10, 000 teev ntawm kev xyaum tsis muaj dab tsi piv nrog cov neeg Asmeskas ncaws pob Todd Marinovich tau dhau los.
Marinovich txiv tau tu nws txij thaum yug los ua ib lub quarterback, tsim kev ua si xws li nqa pob tshuaj rau ntawm lub rooj noj mov thaum tsis ntev ntawm cov nappies thiab txwv tsis pub noj zaub mov.
Dubbed 'Test-tube Athlete' los ntawm Sports Illustrated, Marinovich tau tsim cov qauv rau Los Angeles Raiders hauv xyoo 1990 ua ntej teeb meem tshuaj yeeb tshuaj xaus nws txoj haujlwm - tej zaum tsis xav tsis thoob rau tus menyuam uas loj hlob sai dhau.
Genetic anomalies muaj, ib yam nkaus. Finnish skier Eero Mantyranta yeej ob lub teb chaws skiing kub puav pheej ntawm 1964 Lub caij ntuj no Olympics.
Nws tau ua raws li kev noj zaub mov zoo ib yam li nws cov neeg kawm tiav, tau kawm tib yam thiab tsis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nce qib uas muaj cov neeg tseem ceeb ntaus pob hauv xyoo 2017.
Tab sis nws muaj ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo dua nws cov neeg sib tw: nws cov pa oxygen-carrying hemoglobin ntsuas 236g ib liter ntawm cov ntshav ntawm lawv lub ncov piv nrog ib txwm muaj li ntawm 140-180g / l.
Kev tshawb fawb hauv 1993 tau tsom mus rau Mantyranta tsev neeg thiab pom tias 29 ntawm lawv, suav nrog Eero, txhua tus muaj kev hloov pauv caj ces uas cuam tshuam rau EPO receptor, txhais tau tias lawv cov pob txha pob txha tsim cov qe ntshav liab yam tsis tau txhawb los ntawm cov tshuaj hormone EPO. Hauv luv luv, nws yog ib txwm doped.
Genetics yog qhov chaw tshiab tab sis cov noob tau raug txheeb xyuas uas cuam tshuam koj li cas rau qhov mob, kev txhawb siab, rog metabolism…
Txawm hais tias, qhov kev kwv yees tam sim no muab kev hloov pauv caj ces hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig 30%. Qhov seem yog nqis rau koj ib puag ncig.
Raws li peb qhov kev paub txog noob caj noob ces, cov nuj nqis yuav hloov pauv tab sis, raws li Tamsin Lewis hais tias, 'Kev ua haujlwm hnyav yeej muaj peev xwm yog tias txuj ci tsis ua haujlwm nyuaj.'
